1. Time and Time Zones 1.1 Time Standards UTC, Coordinated Universal Time, is the current time standard, counted by atomic time. GMT, Greenwich Mean Time, is the older time standard, which defines the moment the sun passes over the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, on the outskirts of London, as 12 noon.

Application configuration management is about the configuration that an application depends on at runtime, which is different from the static configuration of a project. This article is a summary drawn from real development work, offered for your reference; discussion is welcome too. 1. About Configuration Management 1.1 Terminology Configuration item A single key=value pair

1. Why We Need to Define the Application Runtime There are more runtime choices. Traditional application runtimes include physical machines, virtual machines, and cloud hosts. In the container era, the common runtimes are Docker and Kubernetes. These runtimes no longer present us with a single runtime choice. Application topologies are more complex.

1. How to Access a Remote Cluster Locally During development, you often need to connect directly to a remote Kubernetes cluster. The usual approach is to copy /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf to your local ~/.kube/kubeconfig. But the kubeconfig’s server address is kubernetes.default.svc. So we need to configure a hosts entry: 1 1.1.1.1 kubernetes.default.svc If you need to switch between different clusters, you not only have to swap the kubeconfig but also modify hosts.

1. Where Serverless Fits If cloud computing is meant to make resources flow like tap water — turn it on and use it, turn it off and it stops — then Serverless is one of the future directions of cloud computing. Compared with runtimes such as IaaS and Kubernetes, Serverless