1. Creating the Image File 1.1 When Loop Storage Fits Treat an ordinary file as a /dev/loopN block device: reads and writes go through the block device interface, while the backing file is still just a file on the host. Mounting ISO and disk images Local practice and stress testing

1. Viewing Package Dependencies 1.1 Forward Dependencies Which packages it depends on List dependencies 1 apt-cache depends apparmor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 apparmor Depends: debconf # 必须 Depends: lsb-base # 必须 |Depends: debconf # 必须 Depends: <debconf-2.0>

1. What a Zombie Process Is How a process is created: The parent process calls fork() to create a child process The child process calls exec() to load a new program The child process finishes executing and calls exit() or returns The parent process calls wait() or waitpid() If the parent process never calls wait() or waitpid(), the child stays in the system after it finishes, becoming a zombie process.

1. Traffic Control Principles Under Linux By queuing packets, we can control how data packets are sent. This kind of control is called data shaping (shape the data), and it includes the following operations on data: Adding latency Dropping packets Reordering Duplicating, corrupting Rate control Under the qdisc-class-filter structure, controlling traffic requires three steps:

NFS (Network File System) is used to share directories over the network; once the client mounts them, they can be read and written like a local disk. This post covers deploying an NFS service on CentOS and Ubuntu, and how to mount a remote NFS directory on each system. 1.